sulla primary sources

Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Categories . Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. Primary Source Terms:. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Learning in Black and White. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. 82 BC. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Websites. Find & Discover | Primary Sources at Yale When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Encyclopedias. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Sulla's Reforms as Dictator - World History Encyclopedia Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . Roman military leaders. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Books. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Tools for primary source analysis. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Encyclopedia.com You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. PDF 1 Marius' Mules: Paving the Path to Power Mary Wright Seminar Paper Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Primary Source 10. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. The Acropolis was then besieged. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. By. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. The Late Republic - Clarkson The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. onwards. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. Primary Sources: The 1960s: Selma to Montgomery March (1965) [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Primary Sources Sallust. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Graduate Admissions - New York University [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property.

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